Перевод: со всех языков на английский

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research done

  • 1 investigar

    v.
    1 to research.
    2 to investigate.
    3 to carry out an investigation.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 (indagar) to investigate
    2 (campo) to do research on
    * * *
    verb
    1) to investigate, inquire
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ accidente, crimen, queja, hechos] to investigate; [+ cuentas, patrimonio] to audit
    2) (Univ) to research, do research into
    3) (=tantear) to check out
    2. VI
    1) [policía, comité] to investigate
    2) (Univ) to do research
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <delito/caso> to investigate

    se investigarán las causas del accidente — there will be an investigation o inquiry into the causes of the accident

    tengo que investigar quién vive arriba — (fam) I have to find out who lives upstairs

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) persona to research, do research into
    2.
    a) policía to investigate
    b) (Educ, Med, Tec)

    investigar sobre algo — to do research into something, to research into something

    * * *
    = do + study, do + research, enquire into [inquire into, -USA], interrogate, investigate, research, vet, put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight, launch + investigation.
    Ex. I certainly think it would be very interesting for somebody to do a study of the whole question of storage.
    Ex. Optical storage media can facilitate the type of research done in academic libraries.
    Ex. No less prestigious an authority than a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the charges brought against the man principally responsible for that volume.
    Ex. Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex. Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    Ex. Archival history is still insufficiently researched.
    Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex. It is paramount to put designers themselves under the spotlight for investigative purposes.
    Ex. When the profession once more brought censorship under the spotlight in the 70s, it was less critical and more loath to take a stand.
    Ex. Russia has launched an investigation into why a manned space capsule returned to earth hundreds of miles off course.
    ----
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * que se está investigando = under investigation.
    * sin investigar = unresearched.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <delito/caso> to investigate

    se investigarán las causas del accidente — there will be an investigation o inquiry into the causes of the accident

    tengo que investigar quién vive arriba — (fam) I have to find out who lives upstairs

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) persona to research, do research into
    2.
    a) policía to investigate
    b) (Educ, Med, Tec)

    investigar sobre algo — to do research into something, to research into something

    * * *
    = do + study, do + research, enquire into [inquire into, -USA], interrogate, investigate, research, vet, put + Nombre + under the spotlight, bring + Nombre + under the spotlight, launch + investigation.

    Ex: I certainly think it would be very interesting for somebody to do a study of the whole question of storage.

    Ex: Optical storage media can facilitate the type of research done in academic libraries.
    Ex: No less prestigious an authority than a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the charges brought against the man principally responsible for that volume.
    Ex: Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex: Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    Ex: Archival history is still insufficiently researched.
    Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex: It is paramount to put designers themselves under the spotlight for investigative purposes.
    Ex: When the profession once more brought censorship under the spotlight in the 70s, it was less critical and more loath to take a stand.
    Ex: Russia has launched an investigation into why a manned space capsule returned to earth hundreds of miles off course.
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * que se está investigando = under investigation.
    * sin investigar = unresearched.

    * * *
    investigar [A3 ]
    vt
    1 ‹delito/caso› to investigate
    una comisión para investigar la venta secreta de armas a committee to investigate the secret sale of arms
    se investigarán las causas del accidente there will be an investigation o inquiry into the causes of the accident
    tengo que investigar quién vive arriba ( fam); I have to find out who lives upstairs
    2 ( Educ, Med, Tec) «persona» to research, do research into
    el libro investiga el desarrollo de su música the book looks at o traces the development of his music
    ■ investigar
    vi
    1 «policía» to investigate
    2 ( Educ, Med, Tec) investigar SOBRE algo to do research INTO sth, to research INTO sth
    * * *

     

    investigar ( conjugate investigar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹delito/caso› to investigate

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) [ persona] to research, do research into

    verbo intransitivo

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) investigar sobre algo to research o do research into sth

    investigar verbo transitivo
    1 (estudiar) to research
    2 (indagar) to investigate
    ' investigar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    comisionar
    English:
    check up on
    - follow up
    - go into
    - inquire into
    - investigate
    - look into
    - probe
    - probe into
    - read up on
    - research
    - screen
    - see into
    - study
    - thoroughly
    - coroner
    - explore
    - look
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [estudiar] to research
    2. [indagar] to investigate;
    un equipo investiga las causas del accidente a team is investigating the causes of the accident;
    la policía investigó a varios sospechosos the police investigated several suspects
    ♦ vi
    1. [estudiar] to do research ( sobre into o on)
    2. [indagar] to investigate
    * * *
    v/t
    1 crimen investigate
    2 EDU, TÉC research
    * * *
    investigar {52} vt
    1) indagar: to investigate
    2) : to research
    investigar sobre : to do research into
    * * *
    1. (examinar) to investigate
    2. (estudiar) to research / to do research

    Spanish-English dictionary > investigar

  • 2 realizar una investigación

    (v.) = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research
    Ex. This paper describes research carried out into the use of an on-line bulletin board service aimed at those in the academic community who are interested in applying computing to teaching in the Arts and Humanities.
    Ex. This article reports the findings of an investigation which was conducted in order to determine if either the impact factor or the immediacy index provide useful insights into the qualitative relations among scientific journals.
    Ex. Oftentimes, we conduct our research on related areas to help solve problems in our own field.
    Ex. Optical storage media can facilitate the type of research done in academic libraries.
    Ex. During 1984 an investigation was undertaken into certain curriculum issues as these were seen to influence schools of librarianship and information studies.
    Ex. The department undertakes teaching and research in library and information studies.
    * * *
    (v.) = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research

    Ex: This paper describes research carried out into the use of an on-line bulletin board service aimed at those in the academic community who are interested in applying computing to teaching in the Arts and Humanities.

    Ex: This article reports the findings of an investigation which was conducted in order to determine if either the impact factor or the immediacy index provide useful insights into the qualitative relations among scientific journals.
    Ex: Oftentimes, we conduct our research on related areas to help solve problems in our own field.
    Ex: Optical storage media can facilitate the type of research done in academic libraries.
    Ex: During 1984 an investigation was undertaken into certain curriculum issues as these were seen to influence schools of librarianship and information studies.
    Ex: The department undertakes teaching and research in library and information studies.

    Spanish-English dictionary > realizar una investigación

  • 3 colección

    f.
    1 collection, set, array, assemblage.
    2 collection.
    3 collection, array, panoply.
    * * *
    1 collection
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    es de colección — Méx it's a collector's item

    * * *
    a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection
    b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)
    c) (Lit) collection
    d) ( de modas) collection
    * * *
    = aggregation, collection, congeries, holdings, information store, library, stock, document collection, assemblage, repertory, collection, cache, deposit collection, harvest, picking, collecting, line-up, menagerie.
    Ex. We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.
    Ex. A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex. A union catalogue then is, a catalogue listing in one sequence the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries.
    Ex. It is obviously impracticable to search the entire information store in the satisfaction of a particular request for information.
    Ex. A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.
    Ex. The second function of the catalogue is concerned with the housekeeping activity of keeping a record of the library stock.
    Ex. Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.
    Ex. Ranganathan illustrates how these Main Subjects have developed by loose assemblage, dissection, denudation, distillation, etc..
    Ex. Thousands of songs and piano pieces have been published in magazines issued throughout Europe and the Americas, yet an overall history is lacking for this large repertory of music.
    Ex. While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.
    Ex. It is known that there were books made from bamboo and wood during the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BC) but none remain today except caches of oracle bones.
    Ex. In many instances it is the ward sister who administers the deposit collection left by the local library.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.
    Ex. The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.
    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    Ex. The latest addition to my clock menagerie is a cuckoo clock, something I've wanted for quite some time.
    ----
    * análisis de la colección = collection analysis.
    * basado en la colección = collection-centred, materials-centred [materials-centered], collection-based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.
    * centrado en la colección = collection-centred, collection-based.
    * colección básica = core collection.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * colección bibliotecaria = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección central = central collection.
    * colección compartida = cooperative collection.
    * colección cooperativa = cooperative collection.
    * colección de animales = menagerie.
    * colección de arte = art collection.
    * colección de arte pictórico = pictorial art collection.
    * colección de autógrafos = autograph collection.
    * colección de comics = comics collection.
    * colección de consulta = browsing collection.
    * colección de control = test collection.
    * colección de depósito legal = depository collection, legal deposit collection, deposit collection.
    * colección de derecho = law collection.
    * colección de diapositivas = slide library.
    * colección de dibujos = drawing collection.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * colección de documentos impresos = print collection.
    * colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].
    * colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.
    * colección de fotografías = photograph collection.
    * colección de grabaciones sonoras = sound collection.
    * colección de historia local = local history collection.
    * colección de investigación = research collection.
    * colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * colección de mapas = map collection.
    * colección de música = music collection.
    * colección de música popular = popular music collection.
    * colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.
    * colección de prácticas = laboratory collection.
    * colección de prensa = newspaper collection.
    * colección de préstamo = circulating collection.
    * colección de préstamo restringido = course reserve.
    * colección de programas informáticos = software library.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.
    * colección de referencia = reference collection.
    * colección de relieves topográficos = topographical collection.
    * colección de retratos = portrait collection.
    * colección de sonido = sound collection.
    * colección de tebeos = comics collection.
    * colección de una biblioteca = local holding.
    * colección de vídeos = video series.
    * colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.
    * colección especializada = special collection, study collection.
    * colección ficticia = made-up collection.
    * colección fotográfica = photographic library.
    * colección impresa = print set.
    * colección inactiva = inactive collection.
    * colección integrada = integrated collection.
    * colección local = area studies collection, local collection.
    * colección monográfica = monographic collection, book series.
    * colección multimedia = multimedia collection, media collection.
    * colección paleontológica = palaeontology collection.
    * colección patrimonial = heritage collection.
    * colección personal = home collection, personal collection.
    * colección pictórica = pictorial collection.
    * colección privada = private collection.
    * colección recogida = accumulation.
    * colección temática = subject collection.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crecimiento de la colección = collection growth.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * encargado de la colección = stock editor.
    * evaluación de la colección = collection assessment, collection evaluation, collection analysis.
    * formación de la colección = collection building.
    * formar una colección = build + collection.
    * gestión de la colección = collection management.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.
    * * *
    a) (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection
    b) (fam) ( gran cantidad)
    c) (Lit) collection
    d) ( de modas) collection
    * * *
    = aggregation, collection, congeries, holdings, information store, library, stock, document collection, assemblage, repertory, collection, cache, deposit collection, harvest, picking, collecting, line-up, menagerie.

    Ex: We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.

    Ex: A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex: A union catalogue then is, a catalogue listing in one sequence the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries.
    Ex: It is obviously impracticable to search the entire information store in the satisfaction of a particular request for information.
    Ex: A library is no longer constrained to choose either a classified or a dictionary catalogue.
    Ex: The second function of the catalogue is concerned with the housekeeping activity of keeping a record of the library stock.
    Ex: Finally, the tacit assumption so far has been that we are dealing with a single document collection.
    Ex: Ranganathan illustrates how these Main Subjects have developed by loose assemblage, dissection, denudation, distillation, etc..
    Ex: Thousands of songs and piano pieces have been published in magazines issued throughout Europe and the Americas, yet an overall history is lacking for this large repertory of music.
    Ex: While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.
    Ex: It is known that there were books made from bamboo and wood during the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BC) but none remain today except caches of oracle bones.
    Ex: In many instances it is the ward sister who administers the deposit collection left by the local library.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.
    Ex: The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.
    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.
    Ex: The latest addition to my clock menagerie is a cuckoo clock, something I've wanted for quite some time.
    * análisis de la colección = collection analysis.
    * basado en la colección = collection-centred, materials-centred [materials-centered], collection-based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de colecciones especializadas = special collections librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la colección de mapas = map librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado del desarrollo de la colección = collections librarian.
    * centrado en la colección = collection-centred, collection-based.
    * colección básica = core collection.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * colección bibliotecaria = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección central = central collection.
    * colección compartida = cooperative collection.
    * colección cooperativa = cooperative collection.
    * colección de animales = menagerie.
    * colección de arte = art collection.
    * colección de arte pictórico = pictorial art collection.
    * colección de autógrafos = autograph collection.
    * colección de comics = comics collection.
    * colección de consulta = browsing collection.
    * colección de control = test collection.
    * colección de depósito legal = depository collection, legal deposit collection, deposit collection.
    * colección de derecho = law collection.
    * colección de diapositivas = slide library.
    * colección de dibujos = drawing collection.
    * colección de discos = record collection.
    * colección de documentos impresos = print collection.
    * colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].
    * colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.
    * colección de fotografías = photograph collection.
    * colección de grabaciones sonoras = sound collection.
    * colección de historia local = local history collection.
    * colección de investigación = research collection.
    * colección de la biblioteca = library collection [library's collection].
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * colección de mapas = map collection.
    * colección de música = music collection.
    * colección de música popular = popular music collection.
    * colección de objetos de las artes escénicas = theatre arts collection.
    * colección de prácticas = laboratory collection.
    * colección de prensa = newspaper collection.
    * colección de préstamo = circulating collection.
    * colección de préstamo restringido = course reserve.
    * colección de programas informáticos = software library.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.
    * colección de referencia = reference collection.
    * colección de relieves topográficos = topographical collection.
    * colección de retratos = portrait collection.
    * colección de sonido = sound collection.
    * colección de tebeos = comics collection.
    * colección de una biblioteca = local holding.
    * colección de vídeos = video series.
    * colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.
    * colección especializada = special collection, study collection.
    * colección ficticia = made-up collection.
    * colección fotográfica = photographic library.
    * colección impresa = print set.
    * colección inactiva = inactive collection.
    * colección integrada = integrated collection.
    * colección local = area studies collection, local collection.
    * colección monográfica = monographic collection, book series.
    * colección multimedia = multimedia collection, media collection.
    * colección paleontológica = palaeontology collection.
    * colección patrimonial = heritage collection.
    * colección personal = home collection, personal collection.
    * colección pictórica = pictorial collection.
    * colección privada = private collection.
    * colección recogida = accumulation.
    * colección temática = subject collection.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crecimiento de la colección = collection growth.
    * desarrollo de la colección = collection building, collection development [collections development].
    * encargado de la colección = stock editor.
    * evaluación de la colección = collection assessment, collection evaluation, collection analysis.
    * formación de la colección = collection building.
    * formar una colección = build + collection.
    * gestión de la colección = collection management.
    * política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.
    * una colección desordenada de = a scrapbook of.
    * uso de la colección = stock use.

    * * *
    1 (de sellos, monedas, cuadros) collection
    hace colección de mariposas she collects butterflies
    2 ( fam)
    (gran cantidad): no sé cómo quiere otro hijo, si ya tiene una colección I can't imagine why she wants another child, she already has a whole brood ( hum)
    tiene una colección de pulseras she has a huge collection of bracelets
    3 ( Lit) collection
    4 (de modas) collection
    colecciones infantiles children's fashions o wear
    * * *

     

    colección sustantivo femenino
    collection
    colección sustantivo femenino collection
    ' colección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antológica
    - antológico
    - discoteca
    - engrosar
    - exhibir
    - herbolaria
    - herbolario
    - panoplia
    - adquirir
    - biblioteca
    - línea
    - presentar
    English:
    array
    - body
    - collection
    - invaluable
    - model
    - put together
    - set
    - stamp collection
    - swap for
    - collector
    - large
    - menagerie
    - round
    * * *
    1. [de sellos, objetos] collection
    la colección permanente [de museo] the permanent collection
    2. Fam [gran cantidad]
    tiene una colección de primos he has loads of cousins;
    cometió una colección de errores he made a whole series of mistakes;
    no dijo más que una colección de tonterías he talked a load of nonsense
    3. [de moda] collection;
    la colección de primavera the spring collection
    * * *
    f collection
    * * *
    colección nf, pl - ciones : collection
    * * *
    colección n collection

    Spanish-English dictionary > colección

  • 4 afición de coleccionar

    (n.) = collecting
    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * * *
    (n.) = collecting

    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > afición de coleccionar

  • 5 al margen de

    = divorced from, untouched, outside the purview of, other than, in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
    Ex. Initially, however, we shall consider these phenomena as concepts in their own right, divorced from and unrelated to any particular discipline or context of study.
    Ex. Certainly the last thing we want is that books be shut up in tastefully decorated warehouses, watched over by highly trained storekeepers whose main purpose is to see that everything is kept tidily in its place and, as far as possible, untouched by human hands -- especially the sticky-fingered hands of marauding children.
    Ex. Administrative decisions, which are made behind the scenes sometimes outside the purview of a reference department or section, usually determine which reference services are offered.
    Ex. Non-book materials, then, may include any library information or resource centre materials, other than books or monographs.
    Ex. In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex. The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex. In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.
    * * *
    = divorced from, untouched, outside the purview of, other than, in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

    Ex: Initially, however, we shall consider these phenomena as concepts in their own right, divorced from and unrelated to any particular discipline or context of study.

    Ex: Certainly the last thing we want is that books be shut up in tastefully decorated warehouses, watched over by highly trained storekeepers whose main purpose is to see that everything is kept tidily in its place and, as far as possible, untouched by human hands -- especially the sticky-fingered hands of marauding children.
    Ex: Administrative decisions, which are made behind the scenes sometimes outside the purview of a reference department or section, usually determine which reference services are offered.
    Ex: Non-book materials, then, may include any library information or resource centre materials, other than books or monographs.
    Ex: In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex: The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex: In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.

    Spanish-English dictionary > al margen de

  • 6 coleccionista de armas de fuego

    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * * *

    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > coleccionista de armas de fuego

  • 7 coleccionista de monedas

    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * * *

    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > coleccionista de monedas

  • 8 coleccionista de sellos

    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * * *

    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

    Spanish-English dictionary > coleccionista de sellos

  • 9 con independencia de

    independently of
    * * *
    = in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
    Ex. In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex. The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex. In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.
    * * *
    = in spite of, despite, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

    Ex: In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.

    Ex: The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex: In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.

    Spanish-English dictionary > con independencia de

  • 10 filatélico

    adj.
    philatelic, philatelical, stamp.
    m.
    philatelist, stamp collector.
    * * *
    1 philatelic
    * * *
    filatélico, -a
    1.
    2.
    SM / F = filatelista
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo philatelic (frml)
    * * *
    = philatelic, stamp collector.
    Ex. This article looks at the 4 categories of damage affecting philatelic materials: physical; atmospheric; chemical; and biological.
    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo philatelic (frml)
    * * *
    = philatelic, stamp collector.

    Ex: This article looks at the 4 categories of damage affecting philatelic materials: physical; atmospheric; chemical; and biological.

    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.

    * * *
    philatelic ( frml)
    revistas filatélicas philatelic o stamp-collecting magazines
    su colección filatélica his stamp collection
    * * *
    filatélico, -a
    ♦ adj
    colección filatélica stamp collection;
    exposición filatélica stamp exhibition;
    congreso filatélico stamp collectors' congress
    ♦ nm,f
    stamp collector, philatelist
    * * *
    I adj stamp atr, philatelic

    Spanish-English dictionary > filatélico

  • 11 pese a

    prep.
    in spite of, despite, regardless of.
    * * *
    locución preposicional ver pesar II 3)
    * * *
    = despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
    Ex. The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex. In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex. Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex. In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.
    * * *
    locución preposicional ver pesar II 3)
    * * *
    = despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

    Ex: The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.

    Ex: In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex: Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex: In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.

    * * *
    ver pesar2 vi C. (↑ pesar (2))
    * * *

    Del verbo pesar: ( conjugate pesar)

    pesé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    pese es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    pese a loc prep ver pesar 2 3
    ' pese a' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pesar
    English:
    spite

    Spanish-English dictionary > pese a

  • 12 recogida

    f.
    1 collection.
    hacer una recogida de firmas to collect signatures
    recogida de basuras rubbish collection
    recogida de equipajes baggage reclaim
    2 harvest, gathering (cosecha).
    3 picking up, collection, pick, pickup.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: recoger.
    * * *
    1 (gen) collection
    2 (cosecha) harvest, harvesting
    \
    recogida de datos data capture
    recogida de equipajes baggage reclaim
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de basura, correo] collection

    recogida de basuras — refuse collection, garbage collection (EEUU)

    recogida de datos — (Inform) data capture

    recogida de equipajes — (Aer) baggage reclaim

    2) (Agr) harvest
    3) (=retiro) withdrawal, retirement
    4) Méx (Agr) round-up; Cono Sur [de policía] sweep, raid
    * * *
    a) (de basura, correo) collection
    b) (Agr) harvest
    c) (Col) (Mil) retreat
    * * *
    = collection, gathering, harvesting, pickup [pick-up], harvest, picking, collecting.
    Ex. Appropriate software may be employed to aid in the recording of the thesaurus and even in the collection of terms.
    Ex. Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex. This collocation surely meets a general need more effectively than if everything were brought together under process, scattering materials on crops: harvesting of wheat, oats, barlye, etc., all colocated at harvesting.
    Ex. University faculty were provided with an opportunity to review acquisitions lists in subject areas of choice and to have titles of interest held for pick-up.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.
    Ex. The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.
    Ex. Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    ----
    * caja de recogida de documentación = deposit box.
    * colección recogida = accumulation.
    * contenedor de recogida de vidrio = bottle bank.
    * formulario de recogida de información = data collection form.
    * impreso de recogida de datos = enquiry form, inquiry form.
    * instrumento de recogida de datos = data collection instrument.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * plantilla de recogida de información = data collection form.
    * punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * recogida de basura = waste collection, garbage collection, refuse removal, refuse collection.
    * recogida de datos = data collection, data gathering [data-gathering], fact-gathering, reporting, data collecting.
    * recogida de equipajes = baggage claim.
    * recogida de información = information gathering.
    * recogida de muestras = sampling.
    * recogida en la calle = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * * *
    a) (de basura, correo) collection
    b) (Agr) harvest
    c) (Col) (Mil) retreat
    * * *
    = collection, gathering, harvesting, pickup [pick-up], harvest, picking, collecting.

    Ex: Appropriate software may be employed to aid in the recording of the thesaurus and even in the collection of terms.

    Ex: Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex: This collocation surely meets a general need more effectively than if everything were brought together under process, scattering materials on crops: harvesting of wheat, oats, barlye, etc., all colocated at harvesting.
    Ex: University faculty were provided with an opportunity to review acquisitions lists in subject areas of choice and to have titles of interest held for pick-up.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Bountiful harvest: aquaculture and agriculture information services for the Pacific'.
    Ex: The most popular recreation forms in nature are swimming in summer, the picking of berries, and mushrooms, cross-country skiing, and fishing and hunting.
    Ex: Research done in the field of collecting has primarily focused on those people who are known collectors such as gun, stamp, or coin collectors.
    * caja de recogida de documentación = deposit box.
    * colección recogida = accumulation.
    * contenedor de recogida de vidrio = bottle bank.
    * formulario de recogida de información = data collection form.
    * impreso de recogida de datos = enquiry form, inquiry form.
    * instrumento de recogida de datos = data collection instrument.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * plantilla de recogida de información = data collection form.
    * punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * recogida de basura = waste collection, garbage collection, refuse removal, refuse collection.
    * recogida de datos = data collection, data gathering [data-gathering], fact-gathering, reporting, data collecting.
    * recogida de equipajes = baggage claim.
    * recogida de información = information gathering.
    * recogida de muestras = sampling.
    * recogida en la calle = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.

    * * *
    1 (de basura, correo) collection
    2 ( Agr) harvest
    3 ( Col) ( Mil) taps ( AmE), retreat ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    profit-taking
    baggage reclaim, luggage reclaim ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    recogida sustantivo femenino
    a) (de basura, correo) collection

    b) (Agr) harvest

    recogido,-a adjetivo
    1 (el pelo) tied up
    2 (un lugar) cosy, secluded
    3 (una vida) quiet
    recogida sustantivo femenino
    1 (de información, dinero, basura, etc) collection
    2 Agr harvest
    3 (de una persona) withdrawal, retirement
    ' recogida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    residuo
    - contenedor
    English:
    baggage reclaim
    - collection
    - reclaim
    - refuse collection
    - bottle
    - post
    * * *
    1. [acción] collection;
    hacer una recogida de firmas to collect signatures
    recogida de basuras refuse collection;
    recogida de datos data collection o capture;
    recogida de equipajes baggage reclaim;
    recogida selectiva en origen [de basura] waste segregation
    2. [cosecha] harvest, gathering
    3. [de fruta] picking;
    la recogida de la uva the grape harvest
    * * *
    f
    1 collection
    2 AGR harvest

    Spanish-English dictionary > recogida

  • 13 a pesar de (que)

    = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
    Ex. Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex. The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex. In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex. Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex. In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a pesar de (que)

  • 14 a pesar de

    despite, in spite of
    * * *
    despite, in spite of
    * * *
    a pesar de (que)
    = albeit (that), despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

    Ex: Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.

    Ex: The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
    Ex: In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.
    Ex: Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
    Ex: In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.

    Spanish-English dictionary > a pesar de

  • 15 book-building

    Fin
    the research done among potential institutional investors to determine the optimum offering price for a new issue of stock

    The ultimate business dictionary > book-building

  • 16 investigación

    f.
    1 investigation, research.
    2 investigation, search, inquiry, probe.
    * * *
    1 (indagación) investigation, enquiry
    2 (estudio) research
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) investigation, inquiry
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de accidente, delito] [por la policía] investigation; [por un comité] inquiry
    2) [científica, académica] research

    un trabajo de investigación sobre el barroco — a research project on the baroque, a piece of research on the baroque

    investigación operativa — operational research, operations research

    * * *
    1)
    a) (de caso, delito) investigation; ( por comisión especial) inquiry

    llevar a cabo una investigación — to carry out an investigation, to hold an inquiry

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research
    2) Investigaciones femenino plural ( en Chi) criminal investigation department
    * * *
    = enquiry [inquiry, -USA], exploration, inquiry [enquiry, -UK], investigation, probe, research, scholarship, line of enquiry, a piece of + research, research activity, research effort, academic study.
    Ex. A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.
    Ex. This section goes no further than the exploration of ideas which are important for the appropriate support of software packages.
    Ex. Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.
    Ex. An improved awareness of existing work should strengthen the foundations of new investigations, and reduce the degree of duplication.
    Ex. From 1985-89, a probe into library services took place into about 7,300 public and school libraries with some 53 million items in stock.
    Ex. Abstracts may be submitted for editing and inclusion in bibliographies and bulletins by staff engaged in research.
    Ex. The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex. The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.
    Ex. Part of library legend is now a steel manufacturer's after-dinner statement that if a piece of research cost less than $100,000, it was cheaper to repeat it than to try to find out if it had already been done.
    Ex. Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.
    Ex. With renewed geologic interest in the Arctic and Antarctic, polar libraries are becoming increasingly important to support the research efforts in these areas.
    Ex. Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.
    ----
    * ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).
    * artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.
    * ayudante de investigación = research assistant.
    * base de datos de investigación = research database.
    * beca de investigación = research grant.
    * becario de investigación = research grantee, research student.
    * biblioteca de investigación = research library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.
    * centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.
    * colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.
    * colaborador de investigación = research fellow.
    * colección de investigación = research collection.
    * comisión de investigación = commission of enquiry, investigating committee, investigation committee.
    * contribución a la investigación = research contribution.
    * dedicado a la investigación = research-oriented.
    * de investigación = exploratory.
    * departamento de investigación = research unit.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * empresa de investigación = research firm.
    * equipo de investigación = research team.
    * estrategia de investigación = research strategy.
    * frente de investigación = research front.
    * grupo de investigación = research group.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * herramienta de investigación = research tool.
    * informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.
    * iniciar una investigación = launch + investigation.
    * institución de investigación = research institution.
    * instituto de investigación = research institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación-acción = action research.
    * investigación aplicada = action research.
    * investigación biomédica = biomedical research.
    * investigación científica = academic research, scientific research, scientific enquiry, scholarly research.
    * investigación clínica = clinical research.
    * investigación cooperativa = cooperative research.
    * investigación criminal = criminal investigation.
    * investigación cualitativa = qualitative research.
    * investigación cuantitativa = quantitative research.
    * investigación de campo = intervention research, field research.
    * investigación de despacho = desk research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigación educativa = educational research.
    * investigación empírica = empirical research.
    * investigación en biblioteconomía y documentación = library and information science research.
    * investigación en biblioteconomía = library research.
    * investigación en biomedicina = biomedical research.
    * investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.
    * investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.
    * investigación en documentación = information science research.
    * investigación en educación = educational research.
    * investigación en equipo = team research.
    * investigación en medicina = medical research.
    * investigaciones = research evidence.
    * investigaciones, las = research literature, literature of research.
    * investigaciones operativas = operations research.
    * investigación genética = genetic research.
    * investigación histórica = historical research.
    * investigación industrial = industrial research.
    * investigación mediante sondeos = survey research.
    * investigación médica = medical research.
    * investigación operativa = operational research.
    * investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.
    * investigación pedagógica = educational research.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * línea de investigación = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line.
    * línea de investigación futura = avenue (for/of) future research.
    * línea de investigación posible = avenue for further research.
    * metodología de investigación = research methodology.
    * no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.
    * periodismo de investigación = investigative reporting, investigative journalism.
    * permiso sabático para dedicarse a la investigación = research leave.
    * producción científica de investigación = research literature.
    * programa de investigación = research agenda.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * protocolo de investigación = research protocol.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * rendimiento en la investigación = research performance.
    * revista de investigación = research periodical.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * técnica de investigación = research technique.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de caso, delito) investigation; ( por comisión especial) inquiry

    llevar a cabo una investigación — to carry out an investigation, to hold an inquiry

    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research
    2) Investigaciones femenino plural ( en Chi) criminal investigation department
    * * *
    = enquiry [inquiry, -USA], exploration, inquiry [enquiry, -UK], investigation, probe, research, scholarship, line of enquiry, a piece of + research, research activity, research effort, academic study.

    Ex: A threshold weight appropriate to the specificity of the searcher's enquiry must be established.

    Ex: This section goes no further than the exploration of ideas which are important for the appropriate support of software packages.
    Ex: Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.
    Ex: An improved awareness of existing work should strengthen the foundations of new investigations, and reduce the degree of duplication.
    Ex: From 1985-89, a probe into library services took place into about 7,300 public and school libraries with some 53 million items in stock.
    Ex: Abstracts may be submitted for editing and inclusion in bibliographies and bulletins by staff engaged in research.
    Ex: The most important of the functions of librarians is the collection, preservation and affording access to the materials of scholarship.
    Ex: The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.
    Ex: Part of library legend is now a steel manufacturer's after-dinner statement that if a piece of research cost less than $100,000, it was cheaper to repeat it than to try to find out if it had already been done.
    Ex: Bibliometric analyses confirmed that review articles on topics that are generating high levels of research activity tend to have relatively voluminous bibliographies made up of a disproportionate number of citations to source materials of very recent vintage.
    Ex: With renewed geologic interest in the Arctic and Antarctic, polar libraries are becoming increasingly important to support the research efforts in these areas.
    Ex: Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.
    * ARL (Asociación de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = ARL (Association of Research Libraries).
    * artículo de investigación = research paper, research article, research contribution.
    * ayudante de investigación = research assistant.
    * base de datos de investigación = research database.
    * beca de investigación = research grant.
    * becario de investigación = research grantee, research student.
    * biblioteca de investigación = research library.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las bibliotecas de investigación = research librianship.
    * centro de investigación = research centre, research unit.
    * colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.
    * colaborador de investigación = research fellow.
    * colección de investigación = research collection.
    * comisión de investigación = commission of enquiry, investigating committee, investigation committee.
    * contribución a la investigación = research contribution.
    * dedicado a la investigación = research-oriented.
    * de investigación = exploratory.
    * departamento de investigación = research unit.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * empresa de investigación = research firm.
    * equipo de investigación = research team.
    * estrategia de investigación = research strategy.
    * frente de investigación = research front.
    * grupo de investigación = research group.
    * Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).
    * herramienta de investigación = research tool.
    * informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.
    * iniciar una investigación = launch + investigation.
    * institución de investigación = research institution.
    * instituto de investigación = research institute.
    * instituto para la investigación y el desarrollo = research and development institute.
    * investigación-acción = action research.
    * investigación aplicada = action research.
    * investigación biomédica = biomedical research.
    * investigación científica = academic research, scientific research, scientific enquiry, scholarly research.
    * investigación clínica = clinical research.
    * investigación cooperativa = cooperative research.
    * investigación criminal = criminal investigation.
    * investigación cualitativa = qualitative research.
    * investigación cuantitativa = quantitative research.
    * investigación de campo = intervention research, field research.
    * investigación de despacho = desk research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigación educativa = educational research.
    * investigación empírica = empirical research.
    * investigación en biblioteconomía y documentación = library and information science research.
    * investigación en biblioteconomía = library research.
    * investigación en biomedicina = biomedical research.
    * investigación en ciencias de la documentación = information science research.
    * investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.
    * investigación en documentación = information science research.
    * investigación en educación = educational research.
    * investigación en equipo = team research.
    * investigación en medicina = medical research.
    * investigaciones = research evidence.
    * investigaciones, las = research literature, literature of research.
    * investigaciones operativas = operations research.
    * investigación genética = genetic research.
    * investigación histórica = historical research.
    * investigación industrial = industrial research.
    * investigación mediante sondeos = survey research.
    * investigación médica = medical research.
    * investigación operativa = operational research.
    * investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.
    * investigación pedagógica = educational research.
    * investigación y desarrollo (I+D) = research and development (R&D).
    * línea de investigación = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line.
    * línea de investigación futura = avenue (for/of) future research.
    * línea de investigación posible = avenue for further research.
    * metodología de investigación = research methodology.
    * no dedicado a la investigación = non-research.
    * periodismo de investigación = investigative reporting, investigative journalism.
    * permiso sabático para dedicarse a la investigación = research leave.
    * producción científica de investigación = research literature.
    * programa de investigación = research agenda.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * protocolo de investigación = research protocol.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * rendimiento en la investigación = research performance.
    * revista de investigación = research periodical.
    * RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).
    * técnica de investigación = research technique.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * visita por motivos de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un caso, un delito) investigation
    30 agentes trabajan en la investigación del caso Torosa 30 officers are investigating the Torosa case
    la policía ha abierto una investigación sobre el caso the police have started o opened o launched an investigation into the case
    el senador exige que se lleve a cabo una investigación the senator is demanding an inquiry o an investigation
    2 ( Educ, Med, Tec) research
    investigación científica scientific research
    realizó una investigación sobre esta terapia he carried out research into o a study of this therapy
    Compuestos:
    tests to establish paternity (pl)
    market research
    operations research
    research and development
    B Investigaciones fpl (en Chi) criminal investigation department
    * * *

     

    investigación sustantivo femenino
    a) (de caso, delito) investigation;

    ( por comisión especial) inquiry
    b) (Educ, Med, Tec) research;


    investigación de mercados market research
    investigación sustantivo femenino
    1 (pesquisa, indagación) investigation
    2 (estudio riguroso) research
    ' investigación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adelante
    - beca
    - Cesid
    - consejo
    - escrupulosa
    - escrupuloso
    - estancar
    - estancada
    - estancado
    - estudio
    - exhaustiva
    - exhaustivo
    - F.B.I
    - puntera
    - puntero
    - relevante
    - rigurosa
    - riguroso
    - someterse
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - abrir
    - archivar
    - centrar
    - cuidadoso
    - dedicar
    - destinar
    - detenido
    - dirigir
    - encuesta
    - examen
    - expediente
    - fondo
    - fruto
    - hacer
    - meticuloso
    - minucioso
    - objeto
    - potenciar
    - realizar
    English:
    aid
    - appropriate
    - behind
    - bureau
    - CID
    - compass
    - consumer research
    - diligent
    - enquiry
    - fellowship
    - full-scale
    - grant
    - hush-hush
    - in-house
    - inquest
    - inquiry
    - institute
    - investigation
    - province
    - research
    - scope
    - screening
    - survey
    - thorough
    - vet
    - allocate
    - fact
    - investigate
    - line
    - market
    - means
    - narrow
    - probe
    - screen
    - station
    - way
    * * *
    1. [estudio] research;
    estoy haciendo una investigación sobre los incas I'm doing a research project o I'm doing some research on the Incas
    investigación científica scientific research;
    investigación y desarrollo research and development;
    investigación de mercado market research
    2. [indagación] investigation, inquiry;
    la investigación de un atentado the investigation into an attack;
    se ha abierto una investigación sobre el incidente an inquiry o an investigation into the incident has been opened;
    comisión de investigación committee of inquiry
    investigación judicial judicial inquiry
    * * *
    f
    1 policial investigation
    2 EDU, TÉC research;
    investigación genética genetic research
    * * *
    1) encuesta, indagación: investigation, inquiry
    2) : research
    * * *
    1. (policial) investigation
    2. (gubernamental, pública) inquiry [pl. inquiries]
    3. (científica, académica) research

    Spanish-English dictionary > investigación

  • 17 trabajo

    m.
    1 work.
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job
    trabajo de campo field work
    trabajo en o de equipo teamwork
    trabajo físico physical effort
    trabajo intelectual mental effort
    trabajo manual manual labor
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labor
    trabajo de oficina office work
    trabajo social social work
    trabajo sucio dirty work
    trabajo temporal temporary work
    2 job (empleo).
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job
    no tener trabajo to be out of work
    3 work (place).
    en el trabajo at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    5 labor (economics & politics).
    6 effort (esfuerzo).
    costar mucho trabajo to take a lot of effort
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing something
    7 work place, job, workplace.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trabajar.
    * * *
    2 (tarea) task, job
    3 (empleo) job, employment
    4 (esfuerzo) effort
    5 EDUCACIÓN report, paper
    \
    ahorrarse el trabajo to save oneself the trouble
    con gran trabajo / con mucho trabajo with great effort
    cuesta trabajo... it's hard to...
    estar sin trabajo to be out of work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    tomarse el trabajo de to take the trouble to
    trabajo de chinos familiar very intricate work, time-consuming work
    trabajo eventual casual labour (US labor)
    trabajo por turno / trabajo por turnos shiftwork
    trabajos forzados / trabajos forzosos hard labour (US labor) sing
    trabajos manuales arts and crafts, handicrafts
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) work, job
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=labor) work

    ¡buen trabajo! — good work!

    • el trabajo de la casa — the housework

    • ropa de trabajo — work clothes

    • estar sin trabajo — to be unemployed

    quedarse sin trabajo — to find o.s. out of work, lose one's job

    trabajo de campo, trabajo en el terreno — fieldwork

    trabajo manual — manual labour, manual labor (EEUU)

    trabajos forzados — hard labour sing, hard labor (EEUU) sing

    trabajos manuales — (Escol) handicrafts

    2) (tb: puesto de trabajo) job
    3) (tb: lugar de trabajo) work
    4) (=esfuerzo)

    • ahorrarse el trabajo — to save o.s. the trouble

    • costar trabajo, le cuesta trabajo hacerlo — he finds it hard to do

    • dar trabajo, reparar la casa nos ha dado mucho trabajo — it was hard work o a real job repairing the house

    • tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo — to take the trouble to do sth

    5) (=obra) (Arte, Literat) work; (Educ) essay; [de investigación] study
    6) (Econ)
    a) (=mano de obra) labour, labor (EEUU)
    b) (tb: Ministerio de Trabajo) ≈ Department of Employment, ≈ Department of Labor (EEUU)
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( empleo) job

    conseguir trabajo — to get o find work, to get o find a job

    un trabajo de media jornada or (AmL) de medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — a part-time job

    trabajo de jornada completa or de or a tiempo completo — full-time work o job

    b) ( lugar) work
    2) (actividad, labor) work
    3)
    a) ( tarea) job
    b) ( obra escrita) piece of work
    4) ( esfuerzo)

    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir — she took the trouble to come

    5) (Econ) labor*
    * * *
    trabajo1
    1 = employment, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], job, labour [labor, -USA], leg work, occupation, task, work, working environment, workload [work load], pursuit, workmanship, footwork, handwork, professional position, working practice, pursuit in life, handiwork, lifework, line of business, toil, industry.

    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

    Ex: Eventually, it came to be recognized that the Classification Research Group's endeavours might be pertinent to the problem of alphabetical indexing.
    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex: An editor is a person who prepares for publication an item not his own and whose labour may be limited to the preparation of the item for the manufacturer.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter, the catalog card, and much leg work, but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex: Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: The Classification Research Group (CRG) has been a major force in the development of classification theory, and has made a major contribution towards work on a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: This article examines the various features now available on copiers and comments on the usefulness in a working environment.
    Ex: Each of these changes, if we were to deal with them in an adequate manner, create severe workload problems for the cataloging department.
    Ex: What is more arguable is whether or not it is a bibliographical pursuit at all since it bears little relationship to the physical nature of the book.
    Ex: William R Lethaby, the architect who had Westminster Abbey in his charge for over twenty years, once said 'Art is thoughtful workmanship'.
    Ex: If we decide to take on making up a subject file there'd be a lot of footwork even if we use that list as a basis = Si decidimos aceptar crear un fichero ordenado por materias habría mucho trabajo incluso si usamos esta lista como base.
    Ex: The newspaper's suppression after the first issue was not, as some historians have declared, the handwork of Massachusetts' Puritan clergy = La supresión del periódico después de su primer número no fue, como algunos historiadores han declarado, por la intervención del clero puritano de Massachussetts.
    Ex: In virtually all of her professional positions she has been involved with the handling of documents.
    Ex: While many believe that print on paper will never die, new formats are already changing working practice in many spheres.
    Ex: People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex: Rather than bringing in butchers to do the handiwork of his dissections, Vesalius himself worked on the human cadavers and said that students of medicine should do the same.
    Ex: This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex: Furthermore, the computer can be used, and is already being used, to eliminate drudgery, busywork, and useless toil in library systems.
    Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.
    * acoso en el trabajo = workplace mobbing.
    * agenda de trabajo = work agenda.
    * agobiado de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * ahorrar el trabajo de = save + effort in.
    * almuerzo de trabajo = work luncheon.
    * ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * amor al trabajo = love of work.
    * ansiedad en el trabajo = job anxiety, work anxiety.
    * anterior al trabajo = pre-service.
    * anuncio de trabajo = help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * anuncios de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * año de trabajo = man year.
    * ascender en el trabajo = step up + the career ladder.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * asunto relacionado con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.
    * basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el trabajo de referencia = reference librarianship.
    * bolsa de trabajo = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool.
    * borrador de trabajo = working paper.
    * buscador de trabajo = job applicant, job seeker.
    * buscar trabajo = seek + employment.
    * buscar trabajo en la calle = work + the streets.
    * campo de trabajo = field of endeavour.
    * campo de trabajos forzados = labour camp, forced labour camp.
    * cantidad de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * carga de trabajo = workload [work load].
    * centro de trabajo = workplace.
    * cobrar en un trabajo = job + pay.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * complementos del trabajo = fringe benefits, fringes.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * con demasiado trabajo = overworked.
    * condiciones del contrato de trabajo = terms of employment.
    * condiciones de trabajo = working conditions.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * conseguir un trabajo = enter + job, land + job.
    * con trabajo = in post.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * contrato de trabajo = contract position.
    * conversación de trabajo = shop talk.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * costar trabajo = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * cualquier trabajo temporal = casual job.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * cuestión relacionada con el trabajo = work-related issue.
    * dar permiso en el trabajo = give + time off work.
    * dar trabajo = present + burden.
    * dedicar trabajo = expend + effort.
    * definición de trabajo = working definition.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * dentro del mismo trabajo = intraoccupational.
    * derecho del trabajo = employment law.
    * desarrollar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * desempeñar un trabajo = exercise + work.
    * despedir del trabajo = make + redundant.
    * después del horario de trabajo = after hours [after-hours].
    * de trabajo = working.
    * día del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * día de trabajo = working day.
    * día internacional del trabajo = Labour Day.
    * diario automático de trabajo = time log.
    * dignidad del trabajo = dignity of work.
    * dinámica de trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribución del trabajo = workflow [work flow].
    * distribuir el trabajo = spread + the load.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * eficacia en el trabajo = quality of service.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * empresa de trabajo = industrial affiliation.
    * encomendar un trabajo a Alguien = assign + job.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * enseñanza antes de empezar el trabajo = pre-service education.
    * enseñanza en el trabajo = in-service education.
    * entorno de trabajo = working environment, work environment.
    * entrevista de trabajo = job interview.
    * equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.
    * esclavo del trabajo = workaholic.
    * escribir un trabajo = write + essay.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * estación de trabajo = workstation [work station], desktop workstation.
    * estación de trabajo remota = outstation.
    * estadía de trabajo = work visit.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estrategia que ahorra trabajo = labour saver.
    * estrés en el trabajo = job stress.
    * evaluar el rendimiento en el trabajo = evaluate + work performance.
    * excedencia en el trabajo = leave of absence.
    * ficha de trabajo = worksheet, project worksheet.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace training, workplace learning.
    * formación en el trabajo = in-service training, in-service education, in-service, on-the-job training, in-service support.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * hábito de trabajo = work habit, working habit.
    * hablar del trabajo = talk + shop.
    * hacer + Posesivo + trabajo = get on with + Posesivo + work.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer un buen trabajo = do + a good job.
    * hacer un trabajo = do + work, do + job.
    * hacer un trabajo sobre = do + a project about.
    * hasta aquí de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * hasta el cuello de trabajo = up to + Posesivo + eyeballs in work.
    * herramienta de trabajo = tool, tool.
    * hora de trabajo = man-hour.
    * horario de trabajo = hours of operation, working hours, work hours.
    * horario intenso de trabajo = long hours, the.
    * horarios de trabajo demasiado cargados = over-long hours.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * incentivo en el trabajo = work incentive, labour incentive.
    * indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * jornada de trabajo = workshop.
    * liberar del exceso de trabajo = relieve + overload.
    * liberar de trabajo = relieve + pressure.
    * línea de trabajo = line of work.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llegar tarde al trabajo = be late for work.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * magistratura del trabajo = industrial tribunal.
    * marco de trabajo = framework.
    * medida de seguridad e higiene en el trabajo = health and safety standard.
    * memoria de trabajo = working memory.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mesa de trabajo = desk, study table.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * Ministerio de Trabajo = Department of Labor.
    * modelo de trabajo = working model, business model.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * negligente en el trabajo = malpractitioner.
    * neurosis producida por el trabajo = occupational neurosis.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * norma de trabajo = working rule.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * oferta de trabajo = job advertisement, job offer, help wanted ad, help wanted notice.
    * ofertas de trabajo = help-wanted advertising.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * paquete de trabajo = workpackage.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * permiso de trabajo = work permit.
    * permuta de trabajo = job exchange.
    * persona encargada de hacer los trabajos sucios = hatchetman.
    * persona obsesiva con el trabajo = workoholic [workholic], workaholic.
    * persona que asigna el trabajo = assigner.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persona que reparte el trabajo = assigner.
    * personas sin trabajo remunerado, los = unwaged, the.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * política de trabajo = policy.
    * postura exigida por el trabajo = work posture.
    * proceso de trabajo = work process.
    * programa de formación en el trabajo = in-service training program(me).
    * programa de trabajo = work schedule.
    * programa de trabajo como interno residente = residency.
    * promoción en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * propuesta de trabajo = project proposal.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * puente de trabajo = catwalk.
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * relacionado con el trabajo = job-related, work-related.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relativo al trabajo = occupational.
    * rendimiento en el trabajo = work performance.
    * reunión de trabajo = business meeting, business session.
    * ropa de trabajo = work clothes.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * sala de trabajo = workroom.
    * salir del trabajo = clock off + work.
    * salud en el trabajo = occupational health.
    * satisfacción en el trabajo = job satisfaction, work satisfaction.
    * segregación en el trabajo = job segregation, employment segregation.
    * seguridad en el trabajo = safety at work, occupational safety.
    * sesión de trabajo = work session, working session.
    * sicología del trabajo = occupational psychology.
    * sin trabajo = jobless.
    * sobrecargado de trabajo = overworked.
    * sociología del trabajo = sociology of work.
    * soliciante de trabajo = job applicant.
    * solicitud de trabajo = job application.
    * superficie de trabajo = working surface, work surface.
    * taller de trabajo = workshop, study school.
    * taller de trabajo esclavo = sweatshop.
    * taller de trabajo sobre composición = writing workshop.
    * tener trabajo para rato = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * tener un segundo trabajo = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * tener un trabajo = hold down + job.
    * tener un trabajo remunerado = be gainfully employed.
    * tener un trabajo retribuido = be gainfully employed.
    * tensión en el trabajo = job stress.
    * tensión producida por el trabajo = occupational stress.
    * terminar turno de trabajo = come off + duty.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * trabajo académico = academic work.
    * trabajo a destajo = piecework.
    * trabajo a distancia = telecommuting, teleworking, telework.
    * trabajo administrativo de apoyo = clerical work.
    * trabajo a medias = job share.
    * trabajo artesanal = craftsmanship.
    * trabajo a tiempo parcial = part-time work, part-time employment, part-time job.
    * trabajo atípico = atypical work.
    * trabajo autónomo = self-employment.
    * trabajo bibliográfico = bibliographic work.
    * trabajo bibliotecario = library work.
    * trabajo burocrático = paper-keeping.
    * trabajo científico = scientific work, scholarly work.
    * trabajo compartido = job sharing.
    * trabajo complicado = major exercise.
    * trabajo con documentación automatizada = computer-based information work.
    * trabajo conjunto = interworking.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * trabajo cotidiano = daily work.
    * trabajo creativo = creative work.
    * trabajo de alfabetización = literacy work.
    * trabajo de apoyo = escort work.
    * trabajo de calidad = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * trabajo de campo = fieldwork [field work].
    * trabajo de catalogación = cataloguing work.
    * trabajo de chinos = fiddly [fiddlier -comp., fiddliest -sup.].
    * trabajo de clase = term paper, coursework [course work], term project, homework.
    * trabajo de detective = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de escolta = escort work.
    * trabajo de impresión = bookwork.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajo de información y de las bibliotecas = library and information work.
    * trabajo de investigación = investigative work, research paper, research work.
    * trabajo de la casa = housework.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * trabajo de poca monta = odd-job.
    * trabajo de préstamo de servicios = service job.
    * trabajo de referencia = reference work.
    * trabajo desinteresado = labour of love.
    * trabajo detectivesco = sleuthing.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * trabajo diario = day's work, daily work.
    * trabajo doméstico = domestic duty, domestic work, domestic task.
    * trabajo duro = hard labour, thirsty work, hard work.
    * trabajo duro, mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * trabajo editorial = editorship.
    * trabajo en archivística = archives work.
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * trabajo en común = interworking.
    * trabajo en curso = work in progress.
    * trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * trabajo en sucio = rough work.
    * trabajo entre manos, el = work at hand, the.
    * trabajo eventual = jobbing.
    * trabajo físico = physical work.
    * trabajo improductivo = busywork.
    * trabajo individual = independent study, self-study.
    * trabajo infantil = child labour, child work.
    * trabajo ininterrumpido = continuous work.
    * trabajo manual = craft, craft activity, handiwork, manual labour.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work, drudgery.
    * trabajo + no faltar = have + Posesivo + work cut out for + Pronombre, have + Posesivo + job cut out for + Pronombre.
    * trabajo no remunerado = unpaid work, unremunerated work.
    * trabajo pesado = grind, grinding, donkey work.
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * trabajo por turnos = shift work.
    * trabajo práctico = fieldwork [field work], practical work.
    * trabajo preliminar = groundwork, legwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo previo = groundwork, spadework [spade work].
    * trabajo remunerado = work-for-hire, paid work, paid labour.
    * trabajo rutinario = chore, routine work, mundane task.
    * trabajos = life's work.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * trabajos de rescate = rescue work.
    * trabajos forzados = forced labour, hard labour.
    * trabajo social = social work.
    * trabajo sucio = dirty work.
    * trabajo sumergido = informal work.
    * trabajo temporal = temporary job, casual job.
    * trabajo urgente = hurried work, rush job.
    * trabajo y esfuerzo = toil and trouble.
    * turno de trabajo de atención al usuario = desk duty.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.
    * útil de trabajo = tool.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * visita de trabajo = field trip.

    trabajo2
    2 = assignment, student paper, work, project work, term project.

    Ex: The problems and assignments presented are real problems and assignments, and the people involved are real people, all suitably disguised to protect their identity.

    Ex: 5 data collection instruments were used: printouts of data base searches executed by students; a questionnaire; bibliographies from student papers; serial holdings of the university library; and interviews with instructors.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex: In 1994, 21 students on an introductory course on communication processes completed analyses of 14 different electronic lists or newsgroups as their term projects.
    * impresor de pequeños trabajos = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * mesa de trabajo = writing desk, work desk.
    * preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.
    * trabajo de clase = essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, student assignment, written assignment.
    * trabajo de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * trabajo de restauración = restoration work.
    * trabajo editado = published work.
    * trabajo escolar = school work [schoolwork].
    * trabajo impreso = printed work.
    * trabajo publicado = published work.
    * trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.
    * un trabajo cuqlquiera = casual job.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (empleo): conseguir trabajo to get o find work
    consiguió un trabajo muy bien pagado he got himself a very well-paid job
    hay dos trabajos interesantes en el periódico de hoy there are two interesting vacancies o jobs in today's paper
    se fue a la capital a buscar trabajo he went to the capital to look for work o for a job
    se quedó sin trabajo she lost her job, she was made redundant, she was let go ( AmE)
    no tiene trabajo fijo he doesn't have a steady job
    buscaba trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo or de tiempo completo I was looking for full-time work o for a full-time job
    2 (lugar) work
    está en el trabajo she's at work
    ir al trabajo to go to work
    llámame al trabajo give me a call at work
    la estación queda cerca de mi trabajo the station's close to where I work
    Compuesto:
    work-sharing
    B (actividad, labor) work
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work o brainwork
    su capacidad de trabajo es enorme he has an enormous capacity for work
    la máquina hace el trabajo de cinco personas the machine does the work of five people
    requiere años de trabajo it takes years of work
    todo nuestro trabajo ha sido en vano all our work has been in vain
    es un trabajo especializado/de precisión it's specialized/precision work
    me tocó a mí hacer todo el trabajo I ended up doing all the work, I got stuck o ( BrE) landed with all the work ( colloq)
    hoy no puedo, tengo mucho trabajo I can't today, I have o I've got a lot of work to do
    tengo mucho trabajo acumulado I have a huge backlog of work to do
    este bordado tiene mucho trabajo a lot of work has gone into this embroidery
    ¡buen trabajo! te felicito nice work! well done
    fue premiado por su trabajo en esa película he was given an award for his performance in that movie
    hacer un trabajo de zapa to work o scheme behind the scenes
    le he estado haciendo un trabajo de trabajo y ya lo tengo en el bote I've been quietly working on him o softening him up and now I've got him right where I want him
    Compuestos:
    piece work
    agricultural work
    (CS) work to rule
    fieldwork
    fiddly o laborious job
    labor*
    work experience
    assembly-line work
    mpl hard labor*
    mpl handicrafts (pl)
    social work
    voluntary o ( AmE) volunteer work
    C
    1 (tarea, obra) job
    es un trabajo que no lo puede hacer cualquiera it's not a job that just anyone can do
    limpiar el horno es un trabajo que odio cleaning the oven is a job o chore I hate
    la satisfacción de un trabajo bien hecho the satisfaction of a job well done
    me cobró un dineral por un par de trabajos he charged me a fortune for doing a couple of little jobs o tasks
    2 (obra escrita) piece of work
    un trabajo bien documentado a well-documented piece of work
    estoy haciendo un trabajo sobre Lorca I'm doing a paper/an essay on Lorca
    D
    (esfuerzo): con mucho trabajo consiguió levantarse with great effort she managed to get up
    nos dio mucho trabajo pintarlo painting it was hard work o took a lot of work
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work o a lot of work
    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    nos costó trabajo convencerla de que viniera we had a hard time persuading her to come
    se tomó/dio el trabajo de venir a buscarme she took the trouble to come and pick me up
    puedes ahorrarte el trabajo de ir hasta allá you can save yourself the trouble o bother of going all the way over there
    E ( Econ) labor*
    el capital y el trabajo capital and labor
    F ( Fís) work
    * * *

     

    Del verbo trabajar: ( conjugate trabajar)

    trabajo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    trabajó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    trabajar    
    trabajo
    trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to work;

    trabajo jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
    trabajo media jornada to work part-time;
    trabajo mucho to work hard;
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
    trabajo DE or COMO algo to work as sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
    ◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work


    2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( empleo) job;

    ◊ buscar trabajo to look for work o for a job;

    quedarse sin trabajo to lose one's job;
    un trabajo fijo a steady job;
    un trabajo de media jornada a part-time job;
    un trabajo de jornada completa or a tiempo completo a full-time job
    b) ( lugar) work;


    ir al trabajo to go to work
    2 (actividad, labor) work;

    el trabajo de la casa housework;
    los niños dan mucho trabajo children are hard work;
    ¡buen trabajo! well done!;
    trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajos forzados hard labor( conjugate labor);
    trabajos manuales handicrafts (pl);
    trabajo voluntario voluntary o (AmE) volunteer work
    3
    a) ( tarea) job;



    (en universidad, escuela) essay
    4 ( esfuerzo):

    me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard to believe
    trabajar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
    trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
    trabaja bien, he's a good worker
    2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
    2 (la madera) to work
    (un metal) to work
    (la tierra) to work, till
    (cuero) to emboss
    2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
    trabajo sustantivo masculino
    1 work: hoy tengo poco trabajo, I have little work today
    2 (empleo) job: no tiene trabajo, he is unemployed
    3 (esfuerzo) work, effort: nos costó mucho trabajo hacerlo, it was hard to do it
    4 Educ (sobre un tema) paper
    (de manualidades) craft work
    5 (tarea) task
    un trabajo de chinos, a laborious job
    ' trabajo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - abundancia
    - actual
    - adicta
    - adicto
    - afanosa
    - afanoso
    - agencia
    - agobiada
    - agobiado
    - agobiante
    - antigüedad
    - ascender
    - asquerosidad
    - aterrizar
    - balde
    - bestialidad
    - bicoca
    - bolsa
    - bordar
    - buscar
    - cadena
    - calendario
    - calle
    - cambiar
    - campo
    - capear
    - cara
    - cargada
    - cargado
    - caterva
    - chapucera
    - chapucero
    - chapuza
    - chollo
    - colocarse
    - como
    - condición
    - condicionamiento
    - construcción
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - cubierta
    - cubierto
    - dar
    - dejar
    - desbandada
    - descansada
    - descansado
    - descargar
    English:
    abandon
    - acclaim
    - actual
    - allocation
    - ambivalent
    - anxiety
    - apathetic
    - application
    - apply
    - apply for
    - apprentice
    - arm-twisting
    - artwork
    - assignment
    - at
    - attack
    - backlog
    - backup
    - barrel
    - be-all and end-all
    - begrudge
    - better
    - blouse
    - blue
    - board
    - bog down
    - boiler suit
    - book
    - botch
    - bother
    - bread-and-butter
    - bulk
    - burn out
    - bury
    - busywork
    - by
    - capacity
    - careless
    - carry over
    - casual
    - catch up
    - chapter
    - choose
    - chuck in
    - clerical
    - collaboration
    - colleague
    - comedown
    - commute
    - commuter
    * * *
    1. [tarea, actividad, práctica] work;
    tengo mucho trabajo que hacer I've got a lot of work to do;
    una casa tan grande da mucho trabajo a big house like that is a lot of work;
    uno de los últimos trabajos de Diego Rivera one of Diego Rivera's last works;
    recibió un Óscar por su trabajo en “Cabaret” she received an Oscar for (her performance in) “Cabaret”;
    ¡buen trabajo! good work!;
    hacer un buen trabajo to do a good job;
    ser un trabajo de chinos [minucioso] to be a fiddly o finicky job;
    [pesado] to be hard work trabajo de campo fieldwork;
    trabajo de o en equipo teamwork;
    trabajo físico physical work, manual labour;
    trabajos forzados o forzosos hard labour;
    trabajo intelectual intellectual work;
    trabajo manual manual labour;
    trabajos manuales [en el colegio] arts and crafts;
    trabajo de oficina office job;
    trabajo remunerado paid work;
    trabajo social social work;
    trabajo sucio dirty work;
    trabajo temporal temporary work;
    trabajo por turnos shiftwork;
    trabajo voluntario voluntary work
    2. [empleo] job;
    buscar/encontrar trabajo to look for/find work o a job;
    no tener trabajo, estar sin trabajo to be out of work;
    me he quedado sin trabajo I've been left without a job, I'm out of work;
    tener un trabajo fijo to have a permanent job
    3. [lugar] work;
    en el trabajo at work;
    ir al trabajo to go to work;
    ¿quieres que pase a recogerte al trabajo? do you want me to pick you up from work?
    4. [escrito] [por estudiante] essay, paper;
    hacer un trabajo sobre algo/alguien to write an essay on sth/sb
    5. [esfuerzo] effort;
    lograron sacar el armario con mucho trabajo they managed to remove the wardrobe, but not without a lot of effort o but it was no easy task;
    costar mucho trabajo (a alguien) to take (sb) a lot of effort;
    me cuesta mucho trabajo levantarme por las mañanas I find it a real struggle getting up in the morning;
    cuesta trabajo admitir que uno se ha equivocado it's not easy to admit that you're wrong;
    tomarse el trabajo de hacer algo to go to o take the trouble of doing sth
    6. Econ & Pol labour
    7. Fís work
    8. Literario
    trabajos [apuros] hardships;
    pasar trabajos to suffer hardships
    * * *
    m work; ( tarea, puesto) job;
    buscar trabajo be looking for work, be looking for a job;
    tengo un buen trabajo I have a good job;
    costar trabajo be hard o difficult;
    tomarse el trabajo de take the trouble to
    * * *
    1) : work, job
    2) labor: labor, work
    tengo mucho trabajo: I have a lot of work to do
    3) tarea: task
    4) esfuerza: effort
    5)
    costar trabajo : to be difficult
    6)
    tomarse el trabajo : to take the trouble
    7)
    trabajo en equipo : teamwork
    8) trabajos nmpl
    : hardships, difficulties
    * * *
    1. (actividad, esfuerzo) work
    2. (empleo, tarea) job
    3. (lugar) work
    4. (redacción) essay / project

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo

  • 18 travail

    travail (plural - aux) [tʀavaj, o]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = activité) le travail work
    • avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do
    • horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes
    • conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch
    • à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work
    • améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!
       b. ( = tâche) work uncount, job ; ( = résultat) work uncount
    • travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work
    • « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"
    • « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)
       c. ( = métier, profession) job ; ( = situation) work uncount, job
    • avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job
    • travail d'équipe or en équipe team work
       d. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working
       e. ( = accouchement) labour (Brit), labor (US)
    ► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job
    * * *

    1.
    pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin
    2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]

    j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on

    3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work
    4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]

    division du travail — division of labour [BrE]

    5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]
    6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)

    le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]

    apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork

    8) (technique, exécution) workmanship
    9) Physique work
    10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)
    11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping

    2.
    travaux nom masculin pluriel
    1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] US

    travaux de construction — construction work [U]

    ‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’

    ‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’

    2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)
    3) ( débats) deliberations

    les travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]

    travaux de couture — needlework [U]

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    tʀavaj, o travaux pl
    1. nm
    1) (= activité, effort) work

    J'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.

    C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.

    se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work

    outils de travail — working tools, work tools

    2) (= tâche spécifique) job

    Donne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.

    3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no pl

    Il a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.

    Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.

    4) (= lieu) work

    Au travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.

    5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA

    la législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation

    6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA
    7) (= façonnage)
    2. travaux nmpl
    (= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building
    * * *
    I.
    travail, pl - aux
    A nm
    1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;
    2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;
    3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;
    4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labourGB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labourGB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labourGB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;
    5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;
    6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;
    7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;
    8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;
    9 Mécan, Phys work;
    10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;
    11 ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping;
    12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labourGB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labourGB; salle de travail labourGB ward.
    B travaux nmpl
    1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;
    2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;
    3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;
    4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.
    travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labourGB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labourGB (sg); fig slave labourGB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.
    II.
    travail, pl travails nm ( appareil) trave.
    I
    ( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculin
    A.[ACTION]
    1. [occupation]
    le travail de jour/nuit day/night work
    le travail posté ou par roulement shift work
    a. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlighting
    b. [comme pratique généralisée] black economy
    a. [généralement] temporary work
    b. [dans un bureau] temping
    2. [tâches imposées] work
    3. [tâche déterminée] job
    faire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translation
    c'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking job
    4. [efforts] (hard) work
    5. [exécution] work
    on lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of it
    je ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?
    6. [façonnage] working
    elle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk
    7. [poste] job, occupation, post
    [responsabilité] job
    chercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a job
    sans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work
    8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour
    9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action
    10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labour
    le travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour
    [activité] work
    réduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneys
    11. MÉCANIQUE & PHYSIQUE work
    B.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]
    1. [écrit] piece
    2. [transformation - généralement] work
    [modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] working
    C.[LIEU D'ACTIVITÉ PROFESSIONNELLE] work, workplace
    travaux nom masculin pluriel
    1. [tâches] work, working
    ‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’
    ‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’
    a. [généralement] arts and crafts
    a. [généralement] practical work
    b. [en laboratoire] lab work
    2. [d'une commission] work
    ————————
    au travail locution adverbiale
    1. [en activité] at work, working
    allez, au travail! come on, get to work!
    2. [sur le lieu d'activité] at work, in the workplace
    ————————
    de travail locution adjectivale
    1. [horaire, séance] working
    [vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)
    2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)
    ————————
    du travail locution adjectivale
    [accident, sociologie, législation] industrial
    ————————
    en travail adverbe
    entrer en travail to go into ou to start labour
    II
    ( pluriel travails) [travaj] nom masculin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > travail

  • 19 realizar

    v.
    1 to make (ejecutar) (esfuerzo, viaje, inversión).
    2 to fulfill, to realize (hacer real).
    realizó su sueño he fulfilled his dream
    Ella realiza la infidelidad She realizes the infidelity.
    3 to direct (Cine).
    5 to accomplish, to carry out, to achieve, to carry through.
    Ellas realizan sus planes They accomplish their plans.
    6 to hold, to carry on, to have.
    El grupo realizó una reunión The group held a meeting.
    7 to sell off.
    La tienda realizó sus saldos The store sold off its sale goods.
    * * *
    (z changes to c before e)
    Past Indicative
    realicé, realizaste, realizó, realizamos, realizasteis, realizaron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperative
    realiza (tú), realice (él/Vd.), realicemos (nos.), realizad (vos.), realicen (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to execute, perform, carry out
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ propósito] to achieve, realize; [+ promesa] to fulfil, fulfill (EEUU), carry out; [+ proyecto] to carry out, put into effect
    2) [+ viaje, vuelo, visita, compra] to make; [+ expedición] to carry out, go on
    3) (Econ) [+ activo] to realize; [+ existencias] to sell off, sell up; [+ ganancias] to take
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < tarea> to carry out, execute (frml); <viaje/visita> to make; <prueba/entrevista> to conduct; < encuesta> to carry out

    realizan gestiones para... — they are taking the necessary steps to...

    b) <ambiciones/ilusiones> to fulfill*, realize
    2) (Cin, TV) to produce
    3) (Com, Fin)
    a) < bienes> to realize, dispose of, sell
    b) <compra/inversión> to make

    realizar ventas por valor de... — to sell goods to the value of...

    2.
    realizarse v pron sueños/ilusiones to come true, be realized; persona to fulfill* oneself
    * * *
    = author, carry out, conduct, enact, execute, go about, involve, produce, undertake, set in + motion, transact, administer, carry through, realise [realize, -USA].
    Ex. Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.
    Ex. The search will be carried out in Dialog's file 13, INSPEC 1977-84 (issue 6) at the time of searching.
    Ex. Obviously, this tagging must be conducted manually.
    Ex. The twin processes of abstracting and indexing, as covered in this book, are practices and procedures that people enact.
    Ex. Some cataloguing may be conducted by a technical services department, whilst other cataloguing may be executed in the local studies department, or the children's library.
    Ex. I think he outlined the feasible way to go about meeting our needs without doing in anybody else in the process.
    Ex. It recommends the establishment of a centralised Chinese collection by a joint venture involving a charitable trust.
    Ex. The present OCLC system does not produce catalog cards in sets, but if it did it could produce over 6,000 different sets for one title.
    Ex. Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are sources, in particular journals or reports issued by a specific organisation, for which the abstracting agency has undertaken to give comprehensive coverage.
    Ex. If someone reports that a member of the staff is drunk while on the job, the supervisor must immediately set in motion the prescribed personnel procedures for verifying the charge, issuing a warning, observing and documenting future performance, and, if necessary, initiating a dismissal action.
    Ex. The model includes provisions for circulation policy analysis and management and for the recording and controlling of activities transacted at the circulation desk.
    Ex. A performance rating should be administered at the end of the probationary period.
    Ex. However, all attempts at moral regulation carried through by the state and philanthropic agencies either failed or had completely the opposite effect.
    Ex. Librarians, information scientists, and keepers of the archives have to realise the meaning of the so-called electronic library (e-library).
    ----
    * conseguir realizarse plenamente = achieve + Posesivo + full potential.
    * deseando desesperadamente realizarse = crying to come out.
    * estar realizándose = underway [under way], be in progress.
    * lograr realizar una maniobra = accomplish + manoeuver.
    * realizar actividades = conduct + business, do + activities.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar esfuerzo = exert + effort.
    * realizar estadísticas = collect + statistics.
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar interface con = interface to/with.
    * realizar interfaz con = interface to/with.
    * realizar las operaciones bancarias = bank.
    * realizar milagros = accomplish + miracles.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar progreso = make + progress.
    * realizarse = achieve + Posesivo + potential.
    * realizar una acción = perform + action, effect + execution.
    * realizar una actividad = engage in + practice, engage in + activity, perform + activity, conduct + activity.
    * realizar una autopsia = perform + an autopsy.
    * realizar una buena labor = produce + the goods.
    * realizar una búsqueda = conduct + search, execute + search, perform + search, run + search, undertake + search, carry out + search.
    * realizar una carga en caliente = execute + a warm boot.
    * realizar una combinación = perform + combination.
    * realizar una crítica = raise + criticism.
    * realizar un acto = commit + act.
    * realizar una entrevista = conduct + interview.
    * realizar una evaluación = administer + evaluation.
    * realizar una hazaña = perform + feat.
    * realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.
    * realizar una labor detenidamente = work + Posesivo + way through.
    * realizar una labor muy importante = maintain + a high profile.
    * realizar un análisis = conduct + analysis.
    * realizar un análisis factorial = factor-analyse [factor-analyze, -USA].
    * realizar una operación = conduct + operation, carry out + transaction.
    * realizar una proeza = accomplish + feat, perform + feat.
    * realizar una prueba = conduct + trial, take + test.
    * realizar una selección = undertake + selection.
    * realizar una tarea = accomplish + task, carry out + duty, conduct + task, implement + task, undertake + task, perform + duty.
    * realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.
    * realizar un cálculo = carry out + calculation.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * realizar un diseño = execute + design.
    * realizar un esfuerzo = put forth + effort, make + effort.
    * realizar un esfuerzo común = make + a concerted effort.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * realizar un experimento = conduct + experiment.
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < tarea> to carry out, execute (frml); <viaje/visita> to make; <prueba/entrevista> to conduct; < encuesta> to carry out

    realizan gestiones para... — they are taking the necessary steps to...

    b) <ambiciones/ilusiones> to fulfill*, realize
    2) (Cin, TV) to produce
    3) (Com, Fin)
    a) < bienes> to realize, dispose of, sell
    b) <compra/inversión> to make

    realizar ventas por valor de... — to sell goods to the value of...

    2.
    realizarse v pron sueños/ilusiones to come true, be realized; persona to fulfill* oneself
    * * *
    = author, carry out, conduct, enact, execute, go about, involve, produce, undertake, set in + motion, transact, administer, carry through, realise [realize, -USA].

    Ex: Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.

    Ex: The search will be carried out in Dialog's file 13, INSPEC 1977-84 (issue 6) at the time of searching.
    Ex: Obviously, this tagging must be conducted manually.
    Ex: The twin processes of abstracting and indexing, as covered in this book, are practices and procedures that people enact.
    Ex: Some cataloguing may be conducted by a technical services department, whilst other cataloguing may be executed in the local studies department, or the children's library.
    Ex: I think he outlined the feasible way to go about meeting our needs without doing in anybody else in the process.
    Ex: It recommends the establishment of a centralised Chinese collection by a joint venture involving a charitable trust.
    Ex: The present OCLC system does not produce catalog cards in sets, but if it did it could produce over 6,000 different sets for one title.
    Ex: Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are sources, in particular journals or reports issued by a specific organisation, for which the abstracting agency has undertaken to give comprehensive coverage.
    Ex: If someone reports that a member of the staff is drunk while on the job, the supervisor must immediately set in motion the prescribed personnel procedures for verifying the charge, issuing a warning, observing and documenting future performance, and, if necessary, initiating a dismissal action.
    Ex: The model includes provisions for circulation policy analysis and management and for the recording and controlling of activities transacted at the circulation desk.
    Ex: A performance rating should be administered at the end of the probationary period.
    Ex: However, all attempts at moral regulation carried through by the state and philanthropic agencies either failed or had completely the opposite effect.
    Ex: Librarians, information scientists, and keepers of the archives have to realise the meaning of the so-called electronic library (e-library).
    * conseguir realizarse plenamente = achieve + Posesivo + full potential.
    * deseando desesperadamente realizarse = crying to come out.
    * estar realizándose = underway [under way], be in progress.
    * lograr realizar una maniobra = accomplish + manoeuver.
    * realizar actividades = conduct + business, do + activities.
    * realizar el trabajo = get + Posesivo + work done.
    * realizar esfuerzo = exert + effort.
    * realizar estadísticas = collect + statistics.
    * realizar estudios = do + study.
    * realizar interface con = interface to/with.
    * realizar interfaz con = interface to/with.
    * realizar las operaciones bancarias = bank.
    * realizar milagros = accomplish + miracles.
    * realizar + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work.
    * realizar progreso = make + progress.
    * realizarse = achieve + Posesivo + potential.
    * realizar una acción = perform + action, effect + execution.
    * realizar una actividad = engage in + practice, engage in + activity, perform + activity, conduct + activity.
    * realizar una autopsia = perform + an autopsy.
    * realizar una buena labor = produce + the goods.
    * realizar una búsqueda = conduct + search, execute + search, perform + search, run + search, undertake + search, carry out + search.
    * realizar una carga en caliente = execute + a warm boot.
    * realizar una combinación = perform + combination.
    * realizar una crítica = raise + criticism.
    * realizar un acto = commit + act.
    * realizar una entrevista = conduct + interview.
    * realizar una evaluación = administer + evaluation.
    * realizar una hazaña = perform + feat.
    * realizar una investigación = carry out + research, conduct + investigation, conduct + research, do + research, undertake + investigation, undertake + research.
    * realizar una labor detenidamente = work + Posesivo + way through.
    * realizar una labor muy importante = maintain + a high profile.
    * realizar un análisis = conduct + analysis.
    * realizar un análisis factorial = factor-analyse [factor-analyze, -USA].
    * realizar una operación = conduct + operation, carry out + transaction.
    * realizar una proeza = accomplish + feat, perform + feat.
    * realizar una prueba = conduct + trial, take + test.
    * realizar una selección = undertake + selection.
    * realizar una tarea = accomplish + task, carry out + duty, conduct + task, implement + task, undertake + task, perform + duty.
    * realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.
    * realizar un cálculo = carry out + calculation.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * realizar un diseño = execute + design.
    * realizar un esfuerzo = put forth + effort, make + effort.
    * realizar un esfuerzo común = make + a concerted effort.
    * realizar un estudio = carry out + survey, conduct + survey, undertake + study, undertake + survey, conduct + study.
    * realizar un estudio evaluativo = conduct + review.
    * realizar un experimento = conduct + experiment.
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.
    * realizar un trabajo = perform + work, undertake + work.
    * realizar un trabajo monótono = have + Posesivo + nose to the grindstone.

    * * *
    realizar [A4 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (hacer, ejecutar) ‹tarea› to carry out, execute ( frml); ‹viaje/visita› to make; ‹prueba/entrevista› to conduct
    están realizando gestiones para conseguirlo they are taking the necessary steps to achieve it
    las últimas encuestas realizadas the latest surveys carried out o taken
    ha realizado una magnífica labor he has done a magnificent job
    los médicos que realizaron la operación the doctors who performed the operation
    2 (cumplir) ‹sueños/ambiciones/ilusiones› to fulfill*, realize
    B ( Cin, TV) to produce
    C ( Com, Fin)
    1 ‹bienes› to realize, dispose of, sell
    realizar beneficios or ( AmL) utilidades to take profits
    2 ‹compra/venta/inversión› to make
    la empresa realizó ventas por valor de … the firm sold goods to the value of o had sales of …
    1 «sueños/ilusiones» to come true, be realized
    2 «persona» to fulfill* oneself
    * * *

     

    realizar ( conjugate realizar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ tarea› to carry out, execute (frml);

    ‹viaje/visita› to make;
    ‹entrevista/pruebas› to conduct;
    ‹encuesta/investigación› to carry out;
    ‹ experimento› to perform, do;
    ‹compra/inversión› to make;

    b) ‹ambiciones/ilusiones› to fulfill( conjugate fulfill), realize

    realizarse verbo pronominal [sueños/ilusiones] to come true, be realized;
    [ persona] to fulfill( conjugate fulfill) oneself
    realizar verbo transitivo
    1 (llevar a cabo) to carry out: realizaron un buen trabajo, they did a good job
    2 (un sueño, deseo) to achieve fulfil, US fulfill
    3 Cine to direct
    TV to produce
    ' realizar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - andar
    - comenzar
    - dar
    - estanca
    - estanco
    - fortificación
    - pegar
    - pegarse
    - acordar
    - hacer
    - practicar
    English:
    achieve
    - act
    - carry out
    - equipment
    - execute
    - field trip
    - fruition
    - fulfil
    - fulfill
    - level
    - outgoing
    - produce
    - realize
    - attain
    - conduct
    - harvest
    - perform
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [ejecutar] [esfuerzo, viaje, inversión] to make;
    [operación, experimento, trabajo] to perform; [encargo] to carry out; [plan, reformas] to implement; [desfile] to organize
    2. [hacer real] to fulfil, to realize;
    realizó su sueño he fulfilled his dream
    3. Fin [bienes] to sell off, Espec to realize;
    realizar beneficios to realize one's profits
    4. [película] to direct;
    [programa] to edit
    * * *
    v/t
    1 tarea carry out
    2 RAD, TV produce
    3 COM realize
    * * *
    realizar {21} vt
    1) : to carry out, to execute
    2) : to produce, to direct (a film or play)
    3) : to fulfill, to achieve
    4) : to realize (a profit)
    * * *
    1. (llevar a cabo) to carry out [pt. & pp. carried]
    2. (hacer) to do / to make
    el AVE realizó su primer viaje entre Madrid y Sevilla en menos de tres horas the AVE made its first journey between Madrid and Seville in under three hours
    3. (convertir en realidad) to achieve / to fulfil [pt. & pp. fulfilled]

    Spanish-English dictionary > realizar

  • 20 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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